ABSTRACT
Urinary bladder tumors were one of the most common entities of urological pathology. Neoplastic & nonneoplastic lesions of urinary bladder were the common reasons for morbidity and mortality throughout world. Among neoplastic lesions, urothelial carcinoma is a common primary tumor of urinary bladder. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the spectrum of various urothelial lesions from cystoscopic bladder biopsies received over a period of 3 years. All the urinary bladder biopsies received with two inadequate biopsies were included in this study. Out of 54 biopsies received, 12 were non neoplastic & 40 were neoplastic cases and two were inadequate biopsies. Majority of the cases were in 60-79 years age group. Males were affected more than females ( 2.85:1 ratio). Majority of the neoplastic lesions were urothelial carcinomas. Conclusion : Among the bladder tumors ,urothelial carcinoma was the most common type, among these, high grade urothelial carcinoma was common in our study. Non invasive were more common than invasive carcinoma.Identification of grade &invasion into muscle layer has an impact on prognosis as well as on therapeutic approach.
ABSTRACT
Free radicals and associated oxidative stress induced by alloxan are implicated in eliciting pathological changes in diabetes mellitus. Terminalia arjuna bark, an indigenous plant used in ayurvedic medicine in India, primarily as a cardiotonic is also used in treating diabetes, anemia, tumors and hypertension. The present study examined the effect of ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) of Terminalia arjuna stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats and its lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and nonenzymatic activity was investigated in the liver and kidney tissues. The extract produced significant (P<0.05) reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The effect of oral T. arjuna at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight was more than the 250 mg/kg body weight. The extract also causes a significant (P<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, reduced glutathione, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, total sulfhydryl groups (TSH) and non protein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH) in liver and kidney of alloxan induced diabetic rats, which clearly shows, the antioxidant property of T. arjuna bark. The result indicates that the extract exhibit the antioxidant activity through correction of oxidative stress and validates the traditional use of this plant in diabetic animals.